SELECT

SELECT syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name;

DISTINCT

DISTINCT syntax in SQL

SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name;

TOP

TOP syntax in SQL

SELECT TOP (n) column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name;

WHERE

WHERE syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

GROUP BY

GROUP BY syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ..., aggregate_function(column)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column1, column2, column3, ...;

HAVING

HAVING CLAUSE syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ..., aggregate_function(column)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column1, column2, column3, ...
HAVING condition;

ORDER BY

ORDER BY syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1 [ASC|DESC], ...;

AND

AND operator syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 ...;

OR

OR operator syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 ...;

IN

IN operator syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, value3, ...);

BETWEEN

BETWEEN syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

LIKE

LIKE syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE 'pattern';

CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE syntax in SQL

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 datatype constraint,
    column2 datatype constraint,
    column3 datatype constraint,
    ...
);

INSERT INTO

INSERT INTO syntax in SQL

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, value4, ...);

SELECT INTO

SELECT INTO syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
INTO new_table
FROM source_table
WHERE condition;

JOIN

JOIN syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table1
JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

LEFT JOIN

LEFT JOIN syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

RIGHT JOIN

RIGHT JOIN syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

FULL JOIN

FULL JOIN syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table1
FULL JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

SUBQUERY

SUB QUERY syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (SELECT column_name FROM another_table WHERE condition);

CASE

CASE syntax in SQL

CASE
    WHEN condition1 THEN result1
    WHEN condition2 THEN result2
    ...
    ELSE result
END

UPDATE TABLE

UPDATE TABLE syntax in SQL

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, column3 = value3, ...
WHERE condition;

TRUNCATE TABLE

TRUNCATE TABLE syntax in SQL

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE syntax in SQL

ALTER TABLE table_name
action;
-- ADD column_name datatype;
-- ALTER COLUMN column_name new_datatype;
-- RENAME COLUMN old_column_name TO new_column_name;
-- DROP COLUMN column_name;
-- ADD CONSTRAINT pk_constraint_name PRIMARY KEY (column_name);
-- ADD CONSTRAINT fk_constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (column_name) REFERENCES other_table (other_column);
-- DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name;

DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE syntax in SQL

DROP TABLE table_name;

CREATE DATABASE

CREATE DATABASE syntax in SQL

CREATE DATABASE database_name;

DROP DATABASE

DROP DATABASE syntax in SQL

DROP DATABASE database_name;

CREATE INDEX

CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column1, column2, column3...);

DROP INDEX

DROP INDEX [schema_name.]index_name 
ON table_name;

DELETE FROM

DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

WITH CTE

WITH cte_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
AS (
    -- Query definition for the CTE
    SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition
)
-- Main query using the CTE
SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM cte_name
WHERE condition;

CREATE PROCEDURE

CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name
    @parameter1 data_type,
    @parameter2 data_type,
    ...
AS
BEGIN
    -- SQL statements and logic of the stored procedure
END;

DROP PROCEDURE

DROP PROCEDURE [schema_name.]procedure_name;

CREATE VIEW

CREATE VIEW syntax in SQL

CREATE VIEW view_name
AS
SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

DROP VIEW

DROP VIEW syntax in SQL

DROP VIEW [schema_name.]view_name;

RENAME TABLE

RENAME TABLE syntax in SQL

EXEC sp_rename 'current_table_name', 'new_table_name';

RENAME SP

SP_RENAME syntax in SQL

EXEC sp_rename 'old_procedure_name', 'new_procedure_name';

RENAME VIEW

RENAME VIEW syntax in SQL

EXEC sp_rename 'old_view_name', 'new_view_name', 'OBJECT';

NOT

NOT operator syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE column NOT (value1, value2, value3, ...);

NOT IN

NOT IN operator syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE column NOT IN (value1, value2, value3, ...);

IS NULL

IS NULL syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE column IS NULL;

IS NOT NULL

IS NOT NULL syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE column IS NOT NULL;

UNION

UNION operator syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table1
WHERE condition1
UNION
SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table2
WHERE condition2;

UNION ALL

UNION ALL syntax in SQL

SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table1
WHERE condition1
UNION ALL
SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM table2
WHERE condition2;

BACKUP DATABASE

syntax for BACKUP DATABASE in SQL server

BACKUP DATABASE database_name
TO DISK = 'backup_file_path';
-- WITH INIT, COMPRESSION, STATS = 10;

RESTORE DATABASE

RESTORE DATABASE syntax in SQL server

RESTORE FILELISTONLY FROM DISK = N'restore_file_path.bak';

INSERT INTO SELECT

INSERT INTO SELECT syntax in SQL server

INSERT INTO target_table (column1, column2, column3, ...)
SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM source_table
WHERE condition;

DYNAMIC QUERY

DYNAMIC QUERY syntax in SQL

DECLARE @sqlQuery NVARCHAR(MAX); -- Declare the variable to hold the dynamic SQL statement

DECLARE @columnNaame NVARCHAR(50) = 'name'; -- Example parameter

SET @sqlQuery = 'SELECT ' + @columnName + ' FROM employees'; -- Build the SQL statement dynamically

EXECUTE sp_executesql @sqlQuery; -- Execute the dynamic SQL statement

EXCEPTION HANDLING

EXCEPTION HANDLING syntax in SQL

BEGIN TRY
    -- SQL statements to be executed
    SELECT 1/0; -- Division by zero to trigger an error
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
    -- Error handling code
    SELECT
        ERROR_NUMBER() AS ErrorNumber,
        ERROR_MESSAGE() AS ErrorMessage,
        ERROR_SEVERITY() AS ErrorSeverity,
        ERROR_STATE() AS ErrorState;
END CATCH

CREATE PRIMARY KEY

PRIMARY KEY syntax in SQL

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 datatype,
    column2 datatype,
    ...
    CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY (column1, column2, column3, ...)
);

CREATE FORIEGN KEY

FOREIGN KEY syntax in SQL

CREATE TABLE child_table (
    column1 datatype,
    column2 datatype,
    ...
    foreign_key_column datatype,
    CONSTRAINT constraint_name
    FOREIGN KEY (foreign_key_column)
    REFERENCES parent_table (parent_column)
);

MERGE

MERGE syntax in SQL

MERGE INTO target_table AS t
USING source_table AS s
ON t.key_column = s.key_column
WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE SET t.column1 = s.column1, t.column2 = s.column2
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (column1, column2) VALUES (s.column1, s.column2)
WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE THEN
    DELETE;